Journal of Plastic, Breast & Reconstructive Surgery·经同行评审的开放获取外科病例报告同行评审 · 开放获取
Luisa Lotter¹, Marta Jezierska¹, Ilja W. Käch¹, Volker J. Schmidt¹. Case 19 2026: Split Perforator Flaps for bilateral ankle defects: A modern microsurgical approach to preserve function and reduce secondary thinning operations. Journal of Plastic, Breast & Reconstructive Surgery. 2026.
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Luisa Lotter¹, Marta Jezierska¹, Ilja W. Käch¹, Volker J. Schmidt¹1
46-year-old man presented with two full-thickness soft-tissue defects of the distal right lower leg (medial 7 × 4 cm, lateral 10 × 5 cm) with exposed tendons, osteosynthesis material, and bone after a Gustilo grade IIIb open tibial and fibular fracture. During initial orthopedic stabilization, interdisciplinary orthoplastic assessment and planning were performed. Because of exposed functional structures and two spatially separated defects with healthy anterior skin between them, microsurgical free-tissue reconstruction was chosen to provide stable coverage while preserving the anterior skin and preventing flap-related functional impairment. Reconstruction was achieved using a split anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap based on two independent perforators, enabling simultaneous coverage of both defects with a single vascular pedicle. Patient medical history The patient’s medical history was significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, two-vessel coronary artery disease, and obesity. Before and After Patient examination Clinical assessment revealed two full-thickness defects at the distal lower leg: • medial defect: 7 × 4 cm with exposed tendons • lateral defect: 10 × 5 cm with exposed bone and osteosynthesis material Both wounds showed non-viable soft-tissue components requiring radical surgical debridement prior to reconstruction. An CT-angiography was performed, revealing a regular three-vessel supply to the affected lower right leg. Preoperative color-duplex-ultrasound was routinely performed to identify the ALT perforator pattern and to verify, if a two-perforator split ALT-fashion is possible. Due to our tertiary orthoplastic program final interdisciplinary reconstruction was schedule
• A perforator-based split ALT flap enables simultaneous subunit reconstruction of multiple adjacent lower-leg defects using a single vascular pedicle.
• Split ALT flaps can preserve healthy and functional relevant skin territories that were in former times often covered with larger and bulky muscle flaps
• Split flaps for multiple and distant lower extremity defect reconstructions with an end-to-site arterial anastomosis pattern enable optimal preservation of the distal extremity vessel axis
• A careful colour duplex examination for perforator localization is ideally performed by the surgeon one day before the operation the final flap design should locate each perforator after division of the flaps at the transition from the proximal to the middle third of the flap
• Intraoperative ICG-perfusion mapping should be used to minimize the risk of distal flap necrosis
• Documentation of the flap rotation ankle and direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) for each pedicle within the operation report is crucial, if revision surgery is required.
• Embedding the pedicels into fibrin glue minimizes the risk for pedicle torniquet and tension.
• A lack of sufficient independent perforators during the colour duplex examination demands an alternative reconstructive plan (e.g. two separate flaps of split latissimus dorsi flap in this case)
• Distal lower-leg reconstruction requires meticulous preparation of recipient vessels, as vessel quality may be compromised after severe trauma. In older patients (>50y) and in younger patients with a risk profile for atherosclerosis an adequate recipient vessel assessment should be performed (e.g. CT- or MR-angiography).
• Lower extremity traumas are associated with a significant rate of clinically occult deep vein thrombosis. The vascular examination should be generously supplemented with an assessment of the deep venous system in case of suspicion.
• Excessive tension or pedicle twisting during rotation of split skin islands can lead to vascular compromise.
• Progressive tunnelling of the pedicle/s should be avoided if secondary edema or swelling is likely.
BeforeAfterThe patient’s medical history was significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, two-vessel coronary artery disease, and obesity.
Clinical assessment revealed two full-thickness defects at the distal lower leg:
• medial defect: 7 × 4 cm with exposed tendons
• lateral defect: 10 × 5 cm with exposed bone and osteosynthesis material
Both wounds showed non-viable soft-tissue components requiring radical surgical debridement prior to reconstruction.
An CT-angiography was performed, revealing a regular three-vessel supply to the affected lower right leg. Preoperative color-duplex-ultrasound was routinely performed to identify the ALT perforator pattern and to verify, if a two-perforator split ALT-fashion is possible. Due to our tertiary orthoplastic program final interdisciplinary reconstruction was scheduled within 7 days after the initial trauma to reduce the risk for secondary complications (e.g. osteomyelitis).
Reconstruction of distal lower-leg defects with exposed hardware and tendons requires durable vascularized soft-tissue coverage to prevent infection and ensure limb salvage.
The following considerations guided reconstructive planning:
1.tTwo separate defects in close proximity and including the two ankle subunits are associated with functional loss if larger one-flap solutions (e.g., latissimus dorsi) are applied.
2.tPreservation of the intact and functional relevant anterior soft tissue bridge should be taken into consideration
3.tEither two independent flaps (e.g., SCIP or ALT) or a single flap capable of division into multiple components are suitable options.
4.tMuscle flaps are not optimal if further orthopedic interventions are required in the future (lower vascular randomization compared to fasciocutaneous flaps)
5.tThe ALT flap offers a long vascular pedicle, reliable perforators, and sufficient tissue volume while permitting intraflap splitting when multiple perforators are present.
6.tA perforator-based split ALT flap allows simultaneous coverage of spatially separated defects while avoiding multiple donor sites.
7.tRecipient vessel preparation focused on the anterior tibial artery and venae comitantes to ensure reliable inflow and venous drainage.
After removal of the negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) dressing, the wound was thoroughly inspected, radically debrided, and sampled for microbiology. The osteosynthesis material was largely covered except for a small exposed segment. Concurrently, ligamentous and peroneal tendon reconstruction was performed to restore ankle stability. This ensured an adequately conditioned wound bed and a stable biomechanical environment prior to definitive microsurgical soft-tissue coverage.
Concurrently, ligamentous and peroneal tendon reconstruction was performed to restore ankle stability. Through an anterior longitudinal approach, the anterior tibial artery and its concomitant veins were identified and mobilized over a length of approximately 6 cm. Side branches were clipped, and the vessels were prepared for subsequent microsurgical anastomosis.
2
Simultaneously, a bipedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap was harvested from the left thigh. The flap design was centered over the two dominant perforators to allow subsequent division into two equally sized skin islands (marked in green and blue). After fascial incision, two robust perforators with a long intramuscular course (approximately 12 cm) were identified.
The descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was dissected proximally to achieve adequate pedicle length and vessel caliber. Prior to flap transfer, perfusion of both distal flap segments was confirmed using indocyanine green angiography.
3
The pedicled flap was transferred to the lower-leg defect without torsion. Venous anastomoses were performed using a 2.0-mm coupler and an additional hand-sewn anastomosis to the two venae comitantes. An end-to-side arterial anastomosis to the anterior tibial artery was completed using interrupted microsurgical sutures (Dafilon 8-0). After systemic heparinization and clamp release, the flap demonstrated immediate and stable perfusion. The anastomotic site was reinforced with fibrin sealant.
The flap was subsequently divided between the two perforators, creating two spindle-shaped skin islands. One island was inset into the medial defect, whereas the second island was rotated to cover the distal lateral defect. Care was taken to avoid torsion or traction on both pedicles during inset.
4
Both flaps were trimmed and inset tension-free using interrupted sutures. Final inspection confirmed excellent perfusion of both components. The donor site was reconstructed with a partial resorbable mesh reinforcement of the fascial defect and primary skin closure with drainage.
5
• Strict limb elevation and bed rest were maintained for five postoperative days. Flap perfusion was monitored hourly for the first 24 hours and at regular intervals thereafter.
• A structured dangling protocol was initiated from postoperative day 5 to gradually condition venous outflow.
• The patient was immobilized in a custom splint with protected partial weight-bearing of 15 kg for six weeks due to the underlying osteosynthesis. A pressure-relieving recess was incorporated over the flap to avoid compression and prevent equinus deformity.
• Low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation and intravenous antibiotics were administered according to institutional microsurgical protocol and adjusted to microbiological results.
• Compression therapy was continued for six months, with scheduled outpatient follow-up at regular intervals.
• A perforator-based split ALT flap enables simultaneous subunit reconstruction of multiple adjacent lower-leg defects using a single vascular pedicle.
• Split ALT flaps can preserve healthy and functional relevant skin territories that were in former times often covered with larger and bulky muscle flaps
• Split flaps for multiple and distant lower extremity defect reconstructions with an end-to-site arterial anastomosis pattern enable optimal preservation of the distal extremity vessel axis
• A careful colour duplex examination for perforator localization is ideally performed by the surgeon one day before the operation the final flap design should locate each perforator after division of the flaps at the transition from the proximal to the middle third of the flap
• Intraoperative ICG-perfusion mapping should be used to minimize the risk of distal flap necrosis
• Documentation of the flap rotation ankle and direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) for each pedicle within the operation report is crucial, if revision surgery is required.
• Embedding the pedicels into fibrin glue minimizes the risk for pedicle torniquet and tension.
• A lack of sufficient independent perforators during the colour duplex examination demands an alternative reconstructive plan (e.g. two separate flaps of split latissimus dorsi flap in this case)
• Distal lower-leg reconstruction requires meticulous preparation of recipient vessels, as vessel quality may be compromised after severe trauma. In older patients (>50y) and in younger patients with a risk profile for atherosclerosis an adequate recipient vessel assessment should be performed (e.g. CT- or MR-angiography).
• Lower extremity traumas are associated with a significant rate of clinically occult deep vein thrombosis. The vascular examination should be generously supplemented with an assessment of the deep venous system in case of suspicion.
• Excessive tension or pedicle twisting during rotation of split skin islands can lead to vascular compromise.
• Progressive tunnelling of the pedicle/s should be avoided if secondary edema or swelling is likely.
